Advanced Higher Biology All Unit Revision

The covalent chemical bonds between nucleotides in DNA are
1. peptide
2. phosphodiester
3. glycosidic
4. hydrogen
Which line in the table below classifies correctly the four bases in DNA as either purines or pyrimidines?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The percentage of adenine bases in a double stranded DNA molecule is 30% and in a single stranded RNA molecule it is 25%.

Which line in the table below shows the number of other bases in each molecule for which the percentage could be calculated?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The diagram below shows the restriction enzyme sites in a plasmid that carries the genes for resistance to
the antibiotics ampicillin and tetracycline.

Which line in the table below identifies correctly the antibiotic resistance that would remain when a gene
is inserted at these restriction enzyme sites?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
A piece of DNA was digested using the restriction enzymes BamHI and EcoRI. The results are shown
below.

Which of the following restriction maps can be drawn from these results?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The diagram below shows the changes in the activity of enzymes that synthesise tryptophan and utilise lactose in a cell after the addition of tryptophan and lactose.

What valid conclusion may be made from the graph?
1. Addition of lactose acts as a negative enzyme modulator.
2. Addition of tryptophan acts as a positive enzyme modulator.
3. Enzyme induction is occurring in lactose utilisation enzymes.
4. Enzyme induction is occurring in
  tryptophan synthesising enzymes.
Which of the following diagrams best represents the sequence of phases involved in the cell cycle?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The table below shows the number of cells from a cell culture at different points in the cell cycle.

The mitotic index of the sample is
1. 14 . 5%
2. 12 . 7%
3. 85 . 5%
4. 74 . 7%.
The diagram shows a bacterial cell.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
During a biochemical reaction the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another is catalysed by
1. ligase
2. ATPase
3. kinase
4. nuclease.
The diagram below shows an enzyme-catalysed reaction

Which of the following correctly identifies molecule P?
1. Substrate
2. Activator
3. Competitive inhibitor
4. Non-competitive inhibitor
During the production of transgenic plants, which of the following bacteria would be used
to transfer recombinant plasmids into plant
protoplasts?
1. Agrobacterium
2. E. coli
3. Pseudomonas
4. Rhizobium
The graph below shows variation in biomass throughout one year in an aquatic ecosystem.
1. June
2. July
3. August
4. September
The table below shows measurements of energy in a grassland ecosystem.

What is the net productivity (units of energy m–2 year–1) for this ecosystem?
1. 4.95
2. 6.71
3. 465.17
4. 470.12
Which of the following statements best describes a detritivore?
1. Micro-organism with external enzymatic digestion
2. Micro-organism with internal enzymatic digestion
3. Invertebrate with external enzymatic digestion
4. Invertebrate with internal enzymatic digestion
The release of nutrients from the remains of dead organisms in the soil is called
1. assimilation
2. humus formation
3. mineralisation
4. nitrification.
Which of the following promotes the loss of nitrogen from soil due to the activity of denitrifying bacteria?
1. Leaching of nitrate from soil in drainage water
2. Anaerobic conditions caused by water saturation
3. High levels of phosphate from addition of fertilisers
4. The presence of a leguminous crop such as clover
A flask containing a solution of ammonium salts was set up to demonstrate the activity of
some of the micro-organisms involved in the nitrogen cycle. A sample of fresh soil was added to the solution and the concentration of nitrite measured over several weeks. The results are shown in the graph below.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Coral snakes are highly venomous and have a pattern of dark red, yellow and black bands.
This is an example of
1. aposematic colouration
2. Batesian mimicry
3. camouflage
4. Mullerian mimicry.
A species of Latin American ant inhabits the thorns of a species of Acacia. The ant receives nectar and shelter from the plant. The plant receives protection from the ants.
This is an example of
1. parasitism
2. commensalism
3. mutualism
4. predation.
Hydra is a small freshwater animal that uses its tentacles to catch food. One variety (green hydra)
has photosynthetic algae living in its tissues. Another variety (colourless hydra) has no algae.
The relationship between Hydra and the algae is believed to be an example of mutualism.
Under what conditions would a comparison of the growth rates of green and colourless Hydra test this hypothesis?
1. Light; food supplied
2. Light; no food supplied
3. Dark; food supplied
4. Dark; no food supplied.
Animals may interact with their environment by conformation or regulation. Each statement below applies to one of these interactions.
1 A wide range of habitats can be occupied.
2 A restricted range of habitats can be occupied.
3 There is a high energy cost.
4 There is no energy cost.
Which statements apply to regulation?
1. 1 and 3 only
2. 1 and 4 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 2 and 4 only
The graph below shows primary productivity in a loch at different depths. Data were collected before and after an experiment in which phosphate was added to the loch.

Calculate the percentage increase in productivity at a depth of 0.5m that results from the addition of phosphate.
1. 60%
2. 75%
3. 150%
4. 300%
Which line in the table correctly identifies the effect of each pollutant?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The concentrations of some toxic organic chemicals in sea water were compared to concentrations known to produce lethal effects in laboratory experiments.

Which of the following is a valid conclusion from the data shown?
1. All the toxic organic chemicals are found at lethal concentrations in sea water.
2. Trichlorethylene is the only chemical found at lethal concentrations in sea water.
3. DDT produces toxic effects in sea water due to biomagnification through the ecosystem.
4. There is no evidence that the
  concentrations of toxic organic chemicals in sea water could produce lethal effects.
Which of the following genes encode proteins that promote normal cell division?
1. Oncogenes
2. Regulatory genes
3. Proliferation genes
4. Anti-proliferation genes
The cell cycle is believed to be monitored at checkpoints where specific conditions must be
met for the cycle to continue.

Condition 1: chromosome alignment
Condition 2: successful DNA replication
Condition 3: cell size

Which line in the table correctly shows the condition fulfilled at each checkpoint?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Which line in the table correctly describes the chemical reaction that breaks down a disaccharide into its monomer subunits?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
An unbranched polysaccharide is made up of glucose monomers joined together by β(1→4) linkages. The polysaccharide described could be
1. amylose
2. amylopectin
3. glycogen
4. cellulose.
Which of the following is a covalent bond that stabilises the tertiary structure of a protein?
1. Hydrogen bond
2. Disulphide bond
3. Glycosidic bond
4. Ester linkage
In the diagrams below, the sugar-phosphate backbone of a DNA strand is represented by a vertical line showing 5' to 3' polarity. The horizontal lines between bases represent hydrogen bonds.

Which diagram represents correctly a short stretch of a DNA molecule?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
If ten percent of the bases in a molecule of DNA are adenine, what is the ratio of adenine to guanine in the same molecule?
1. 1:1
2. 1:2
3. 1:3
4. 1:4
Which line in the table below correctly summarises the movement of sodium and potassium ions into and out of a cell by a sodium-potassium pump?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Which of the following is a component of the cytoskeleton?
1. Phospholipid
2. Tubulin
3. Peptidoglycan
4. Glycoprotein
A length of DNA is cut into fragments by the restriction enzymes BamHI and EcoRI
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The diagram below outlines the stages involved in the polymerase chain reaction.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The result of profiling various DNA samples in a criminal investigation is shown below.

Which of the following could the DNA analyst conclude about the crime?
1. Only suspect X was involved
2. Only suspect Y was involved
3. Suspects X and Y were both involved
4. Neither suspect X nor Y was involved
Which of the following micro-organisms is responsible for the conversion of nitrite to nitrate in soil?
1. Nitrobacter
2. Pseudomonas
3. Nitrosomonas
4. Rhizobium
This question relates to the diagram below, which shows the recycling of carbon in the environment.

Which line in the table below describes correctly the processes that are occurring at stages S, V and W?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
This question relates to the diagram below, which shows the recycling of carbon in the environment.

Coral bleaching could increase if process S is
1. greater than V + X + T
2. greater than W + Y + Z
3. less than W + Y + Z
4. less than V + X + T.
Which line in the table matches a group of organisms correctly with their type of nutrition?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
Population size can be estimated using the following formula:

In a survey to estimate a woodlouse population, the following data were obtained:

Woodlice captured, marked and released = 40
Marked woodlice in second capture = 12
Unmarked woodlice in second capture = 48

The estimated population of the woodlice was
1. 100
2. 160
3. 200
4. 1920
Which of the following is a density independent effect?
1. A decrease in temperature increasing the abundance of a tree species.
2. An increase in food supply increasing the abundance of a herbivore.
3. A decrease in predators increasing the abundance of a prey species.
4. An increase in competitors decreasing the yield of a crop species.
The figure shows the results of red deer population surveys in two areas of the same size.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Parasitism is a form of symbiosis. A parasite that is facultative
1. benefits from its host but does not harm it
2. can be associated with a host but can also live independently
3. is passed to its main host from a
  secondary host
4. has a relationship with its host from which both benefit.
The marine iguana (Amblyrhyncus cristatus) of the Galapagos Islands basks in the sunshine before swimming for food in the cold sea water. Which line of the table correctly describes the iguana and its temperature regulating mechanism?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The Puerto Rican lizard Anolis cristatellus is found both in shaded forests and in open sunlit areas.
The graph below shows the relationship between air temperature and body temperature of lizards occupying each habitat.

Which line in the table shows the response of the lizards to changes in air temperature in each habitat?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Common terns (Sterna hirundo) feed on fish and nest colonially on land. Nesting terns often attempt to steal fish from neighbouring terns in their colony.

What term describes correctly this type of competitive interaction?
1. Exploitation competition
2. Interference competition
3. Competitive exclusion
4. Resource partitioning
The diagram below shows the distribution of two species of barnacle. The fundamental and realised niches of the two species are shown by the vertical lines W, X, Y and Z. The realised niche of species 2 is line Z.

Which line in the table below identifies correctly the other niches?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Flagellates and ciliates are aerobic, unicellular organisms that feed on bacteria. Commonly referred to as
protozoa, they are used in the activated sludge process to break down sewage. Different species of ciliates
have different lifestyles—free-swimming, crawling and sedentary (attached by a stalk to the surface).
There are typically 50 000 ciliates per cm3 of sludge sample.

The graph shows succession in the development of activated sludge.

On which day in the succession would a sample contain 30 000 per cm3 crawling and 10 000 per cm3
free-swimming ciliates?
1. 15
2. 20
3. 30
4. 35
What name is given to the cytoplasmic connections that link adjacent plant cells?
1. Microvilli
2. Microfilaments
3. Plasmodesmata
4. Middle lamellae
The figure below shows the number of cells in a tissue sample at various stages of the cell cycle.

The mitotic index for this sample is
1. 3
2. 4
3. 25
4. 33
Which line in the table correctly describes the chemical reaction in which a fatty acid is joined to a glycerol?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Which of the following diagrams illustrates a peptide bond?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The proportion of sugars produced in the breakdown of starch can be measured by the dextrose equivalent (DE). The DE can be calculated as follows:

What is the approximate DE when an amylose molecule is completely digested to maltose?
1. 0.5
2. 1.0
3. 50
4. 100
Which of the following describes the structure of cytosine?
1. A purine base with a single-ring structure
2. A purine base with a double-ring
  structure
3. A pyrimidine base with a single-ring structure
4. A pyrimidine base with a double-ring structure
A diploid cell contains 6 × 109 base pairs of genetic code. Only 4% of this codes for protein.
How many anticodons does this represent?
1. 2.4 × 107
2. 8 × 107
3. 2.4 × 108
4. 8 × 108
To which group of signalling molecules does testosterone belong?
1. Extracellular hydrophobic
2. Extracellular hydrophilic
3. Peptide hormone
4. Neurotransmitter
Enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in genetic material are called
1. kinases
2. ligases
3. ATPases
4. nucleases.
The diagram below shows the effect of isoleucine on the enzyme threonine deaminase.

In high concentrations, isoleucine acts as
1. an allosteric inhibitor
2. an allosteric activator
3. a competitive inhibitor
4. a positive modulator.
The graph shows the results of an investigation using the enzyme invertase that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

1 g of sucrose was dissolved in 100 cm3 water and 2 cm3 of a 1% invertase solution was added.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this information?
1. At 70 minutes exactly half the substrate remains.
2. Between 0 and 60 minutes the
  concentration of the substrate remains constant.
3. At 140 minutes the enzyme is no longer active.
4. Between 60 and 140 minutes the
  concentration of the substrate is the limiting factor.
The following stages are used to introduce a “foreign” gene into a tomato plant.

These stages would occur in the order
1. Y, W, X, Z
2. Z, X, Y, W
3. X, Z, W, Y
4. Z, Y, X, W.
Which of the following processes only takes place in autotrophs?
1. Assimilation
2. Decomposition
3. Photosynthesis
4. Respiration
The number of trophic levels in a food chain is limited because at each level the
1. amount of energy decreases
2. number of organisms decreases
3. biomass decreases
4. productivity decreases.
In aquatic ecosystems the amount of sunlight
absorbed by water increases with depth.
Absorption by seawater is greater than absorption by fresh water.

Which of the following graphs represents the relationship between depth and light intensity in fresh water and seawater?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
In the nitrogen cycle, which of the following bacteria utilises nitrogenase?
1. Rhizobium
2. Nitrosomonas
3. Nitrobacter
4. Pseudomonas
A flask was set up to demonstrate the activity of some of the micro-organisms involved in the nitrogen cycle. The concentration of nitrite in the solution was measured over several weeks and the results are shown in the graph.

Which process has been shown to be taking place in the flask?
1. Ammonification
2. Nitrification
3. Nitrogen fixation
4. Denitrification
The graph shows the effect of adding different amounts of fertiliser on the yield of a crop plant.

The percentage increase in yield obtained when the fertiliser is increased from 40 to 80 kg ha–1 is
1. 20
2. 40
3. 58
4. 72
Which of the following is an example of exploitation competition?
1. Red grouse, through aggressive
  behaviour, establish a territory which provides food and cover.
2. A population of moose living on an island share a limited supply of food.
3. Dandelions have evolved a flat rosette leaf arrangement which maximises their supply of light.
4. Encrusting sponges use poisonous chemicals to overcome other sponge
  species as they expand to fill open space on rock surfaces.
Which of the graphs best represents the relationship between the intensity of rabbit grazing and the diversity of plant species in a series of grassland plots?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The piping plover (Charadrius melodus) often nests within colonies of the common tern (Sterna hirundo). The breeding success of the plover is greater when nesting takes place within a tern colony. The breeding success of terns is very similar in colonies with and without plovers. This suggests that the relationship between the two species is
1. commensalism
2. mutualism
3. parasitism
4. competitive.
The table shows some of the characteristics of a number of agricultural fertilisers.

Which of these fertilisers would be most likely to cause eutrophication in an aquatic ecosystem?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Soils are mixtures of rock particles of different sizes called clay, silt and sand. The table shows the composition of a number of different soil types.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The following gases can all be atmospheric pollutants.

1 Carbon dioxide
2 Methane
3 Nitrous oxide
4 Sulphur dioxide

Those that contribute to the formation of acid rain are
1. 1, 2, 3 and 4
2. 1, 3 and 4 only
3. 1, 2 and 4 only
4. 3 and 4 only.
The figure shows the concentration of dieldrin (a pesticide) in an alga, the water flea Daphnia and a small fish known as a guppy. The species were immersed separately in a solution of dieldrin. The Daphnia were not fed during the test; the fish were fed on uncontaminated Daphnia.

The results in the graph are a consequence of
1. biological magnification
2. bioaccumulation
3. biotransformation
4. biodegradation.
Which of the following cell structures are found only in plants?
1. mitochondria
2. plasmodesmata
3. lysosomes
4. cell walls
The function of flagellae in prokaryotes is?
1. motility
2. active transport
3. adhesion
4. DNA transfer
Which of the following is present in a bacterial cell membrane?
1. Cellulose
2. Pectin
3. Peptidoglycan
4. Phospholipid
The following diagram represents a bacterial cell.

Which one of the following correctly identifies the structures labelled 1, 2 and 3?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Plasmodesmata are structures that link
1. cell walls in adjacent prokaryotic cells
2. cell walls in adjacent eukaryotic cells
3. cell cytoplasm in adjacent prokaryotic
  cells
4. cell cytoplasm in adjacent eukaryotic
  cells.
The key below shows features of biological
molecules.
1 Soluble in water......................go to 2
Insoluble in water ...................go to 3
2 Extracellular.......................... .A
Hydrolytic............................. .B
3 Storage.................................. .C
Structural.............................. .D
Which letter could be both triglycerides and
glycogen?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The diagram below shows the changes in cell mass and DNA mass during two cell cycles.

What valid conclusion could be made from the graph?
During the cell cycle
1. interphase is the longest phase
2. mitosis is divided into four phases
3. replication takes place between 0 and 12 hours
4. cytokinesis takes place at 12 and 36 hours.
Which line in the table below correctly describes adenine and thymine and the bonding between them in a DNA molecule?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
One cause of cystic fibrosis is a mutation in the CFTR gene which codes for 1480 amino acids. The most common mutation results in the deletion of one amino acid.
Which line in the table below shows correctly the number of nucleotides in the mutated gene and the number of amino acids in the protein that is synthesised?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The diagram below shows the distribution of protein molecules in a cell membrane.

Which line in the table below correctly identifies a peripheral and an integral membrane protein?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The diagram below shows a metabolic pathway that is controlled by end product inhibition.

For Substance 4 to bring about end product inhibition, which of the following will it interact with?
1. Substance 1
2. Substance 3
3. Enzyme 1
4. Enzyme 3
Covalent modification of enzymes is used to control their activity.
Which of the following processes involves the covalent modification of an enzyme?
1. The conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin.
2. The end-product inhibition of phosphatase.
3. The allosteric inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase.
4. The conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Which of the following acts as a hydrophobic extracellular signalling molecule?
1. Insulin
2. Testosterone
3. Acetylcholine
4. Cholesterol
The following stages are involved in amplifying DNA fragments using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

V DNA denatures
W Primers bind
X Complementary DNA strands replicated
Y Temperature changed to about 75 °C
Z Temperature changed to about 55 °C

After heating the fragments to about 95 °C, which of the following sequences occurs?
1. X, Z, V, Y, W
2. Z, V, W, Y, X
3. V, X, Z, W, Y
4. V, Z, W, Y, X
A piece of DNA 20 kilobase pairs (kbp) long was digested using different restriction enzymes. BamHI, EcoRI and PstI. The results are shown in the table below.

Which of the following set of fragments would result if all three enzymes were used together?
1. 7, 5, 3, 2
2. 8, 7, 3, 2
3. 12, 3, 2
4. 9, 5, 3, 3
A certain restriction enzyme will only cut a DNA strand between two Cs when the base sequence CCGG is present.
Two homologous segments of DNA that carry different alleles of a gene are shown below.
Allele 2 has a single base-pair difference.

Allele 1 was treated with the restriction enzyme and the fragments w, x and y were obtained and separated by gel electrophoresis.
The resulting band pattern for allele 1 is shown below.

Which of the following band patterns would result when the procedure was repeated using allele 2?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Several species of bacteria have been found deep under the Pacific Ocean, where hot water escapes from the sea bed.
In these marine ecosystems, the bacteria can use hydrogen sulphide as an energy source to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules. When the bacteria break down, organic material is released, which filter feeders consume.
This information indicates that the bacteria are
1. heterotrophs
2. detritivores
3. autotrophs
4. decomposers
Three pyramids of numbers are shown below.

Which of the following food chains cannot be represented by any of these pyramids?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The table below shows data obtained from an investigation into the mass and population density of some organisms in a heathland food web.
Which line in the table shows correctly the species with the highest biomass per square metre?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The diagram below shows the nitrogen cycle.

Which line in the table below correctly identifies the micro-organisms involved at the stages shown?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The table below shows four examples of interactions between species.
Which column in the table shows correctly the benefits (+) or costs (–) which result from each interaction?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Anolis lizards are found on Caribbean islands. They feed on prey of various sizes. Histogram 1 shows the range of prey length eaten by Anolis marmoratus on the island of Jarabacoa, where there are five other Anolis species.
Histogram 2 shows the range of prey length eaten by Anolis marmoratus on the island of Marie Galante, where it is the only Anolis species.

Which of the following statements could explain the different range of prey sizes eaten by Anolis marmoratus on the two islands?
1. Larger numbers of prey are found on Marie Galante
2. Anolis marmoratus occupies its fundamental niche on Jarabacoa.
  C
3. Anolis marmoratus occupies its realised niche on Marie Galante.
4. Resource partitioning takes place on Jarabacoa.
Each statement below applies to either conformation or regulation.

1 A wide range of habitats can be occupied
2 A restricted range of habitats can be
occupied
3 There is a high energy cost
4 There is no energy cost

Which statements apply to conformation?
1. 1 and 4
2. 1 and 3
3. 2 and 4
4. 2 and 3
The figure below shows the general relationships between the internal environment and variation in the external environment of four animals.

Which animal is the most effective regulator?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
Eutrophication can result from agricultural activity.
Which of the following defines eutrophication?
1. Algal bloom
2. Increased BOD
3. Loss of diversity
4. Nutrient enrichment
The figure below represents part of an aquatic food web.
P1 and P2 are producers.
C1, C2 and C3 are consumers.

Analysis of a persistent organic pesticide in this ecosystem produced the following results:
Result 1 P1 has a higher concentration of the pesticide in its tissues than is present in the surrounding water.
Result 2 C2 converts the pesticide into a more toxic chemical in its tissues.
Result 3 The concentration of the pesticide in P1 is lower than that in C1 which, in turn, is lower than that in C3.
Which row in the table shows the processes responsible for Results 1, 2 and 3?
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
The insecticide DDT is metabolised in birds to DDE. The level of DDE in eggs affects the shell thickness. Premature egg breakage begins when mean shell thickness is 80% of normal.
The graph below shows how DDE content of the diet affects DDE content of eggs and mean shell thickness.

What would be the minimum DDE concentration to cause the start of premature egg breakage?
1. 150 parts per million
2. 70 parts per million
3. 9 parts per million
4. 3 parts per million
Succession which follows the clearing of long-established farm land is described as
1. allogenic
2. secondary
3. degradative
4. primary

Advanced Higher Biology All Unit Revision

Quiz